If you are looking for math symbols, then you are in right place. Here you will find all the mathematical symbols in one place.
Table of Contents
Basic Math Symbols
The following are the few common math symbols. These symbols are used very often in mathematics.
| Symbols | Symbol name / Meaning | Examples |
| + | Plus / positive sign. | 2+5=7 |
| – | Minus / negative sign. | 10-5=5 |
| × | Multiplication | 2×3=6 |
| . | Multiplication | 2.3=6 |
| ÷ | Division | 12÷3=4 |
| ± | Plus-Minus | 5±2 = 7 or 3 |
| $\mp$ | Minus-Plus | 5 $\mp$ 2 = 3 or 7 |
| = | Equal | 3+4=7 |
| ≠ | Not equal | 4≠5 |
| > | Greater than | 7>5 |
| < | Less than | 5<7 |
| ≥ |
Greater than or equal to | 2≥2, 5≥2 |
| ≤ |
Less than or equal to | 2≤2, 2≤5 |
| ≈ |
Approximate to | π ≈ 3.14 |
| ∝ | Proportion to | y∝x means y=kx for some constant k. |
| % | Percentage | 10% = 10/100 |
| ( ) | Parentheses | 2×(1+2)=2×3=6 |
| [ ] | Square brackets | |
| { } | Curly brackets | |
| ab | Power / Exponent | 23 = 2×2×2 =8 |
| √ | Square root | √4=2 |
| $\sqrt[3]{}$ | Cube root | $\sqrt[3]{8}=8$ |
| $\sqrt[4]{}$ | Fourth root | $\sqrt[4]{16}=2$ |
| $\sqrt[n]{}$ | n-th root | $\sqrt[n]{2^n}=2$ |
Algebra Symbols
| Symbols | Symbols name / Meaning | Examples |
| ≡ | Equivalent / Congruent | a≡b (mod n) implies that n divides a-b.
8≡2 (mod 3) |
| $x$ | variable $x$ | Solve 2x+7=0 |
| |x| | mod x | |2|=2, |-2|=2 |
| ⌊x⌋ | floor function. Floor of x is the nearest integer ≤ x | ⌊2.3⌋= 2 |
| ⌈x⌉ | ceiling function. Ceiling of x is the nearest integer ≥ x | ⌈2.3⌉ = 3 |
| f(x): R →R | function of x | f: R→R defined by f(x)=2x+1 |
| f $\circ$ g | composition of functions | f(x)=2x, g(x)=x2
(f$\circ$g)(x)=f(g(x))=f(x2)=2x2 |
| f: R↪R | f is an injective function | f: R↪R by f(x)=x
The identity function is injective |
| f: R↠R | f is a surjective function | The identity function is surjective |
| (a, b) | open interval | (a, b)={x : a<x<b} |
| [a, b] | closed interval | [a, b]={x: a≤x≤b} |
| (a, b] | left open right closed interval | (a, b]={x: a<x≤b} |
| [a, b) | left closed right open interval | [a, b)={x: a≤x<b} |
Linear Algebra Symbols
| Symbols | Symbols name / Meaning | Examples |
| · | dot product | a · b |
| × | scalar product | a × b |
| 〈x, y〉 | inner product | |
| ||x|| | norm of the vector x | |
| A⊗B | tensor product | |
| A⊕B | direct sum | |
| A | matrix A | |
| I | identity matrix | |
| det(A) or |A| | determinant of A | |
| AB | the product of two matrices A and B | |
| A+B | sum of two matrices A and B | |
| A-B | difference of two matrices A and B | |
| rank(A) | rank of the matrix A | |
| dim | dimension | |
| AT | transpose of the matrix A | |
| A-1 | inverse of the matrix A | A A-1 = I |
| A† | Hermitian matrix | |
| ker(A) | kernel of the matrix A | |
| null(A) | null space of the matrix A | |
| Img | Image |
Geometry Symbols
| Symbols | Symbols name / Meaning | Examples |
| ° |
Degree | 90° |
| ∠ | Angle | ∠ABC=60° |
| Δ | Triangle | Triangle ABC = ΔABC |
| ~ |
Similar triangles | ΔABC ∼ ΔXYZ |
| ∟ | Right angle | This mean 90° |
| rad | Radian | 180° = π rad |
| $\overline{AB}$ | line joining A and B | |
| || | Parallel lines | $\overline{AB}$ || $\overline{CD}$ |
Calculus Symbols
| Symbols | Symbols name / Meaning | Examples |
| limx→a | limit x tends to a | limx→12x = 2.1 =2 |
| $\dfrac{d}{dx}$ | derivative | |
| $\dfrac{d}{dx}(f(x))$ | derivative of f(x) | $\dfrac{d}{dx}(\sin x)=\cos x$ |
| $y’$ | first derivative of y | $x’=1$ |
| $y’$$’$ | second derivative of y | $(\sin x)’$$’$ $=(\cos x)’$ $=-\sin x$ |
| y(n) | n-th derivative of y | |
| $\dfrac{dy}{dx}$ | derivative of y | If y=x2, then $\dfrac{dy}{dx}=2x$ |
| $\dfrac{d^2y}{dx^2}$ | 2nd derivative of y | If y=x2, then $\dfrac{d^2y}{dx^2}=2$ |
| $\dfrac{d^ny}{dx^n}$ | n-th derivative of y | |
| ∫ | integration | |
| ∫f(x) dx |
integration of f(x) | ∫x dx = x2/2 |
| ∫∫ |
double integration | ∫∫f(x,y) dxdy |
| ∫∫∫ | triple integration | ∫∫∫f(x,y,z) dxdydz |
| ∮ |
closed line integral / contour integral | |
| ∯ | closed surface integral | |
| ∰ | closed volume integral |
